Home Internet, 2025 edition

Beginnings of Broadband

In June of 2002, I signed up for my first broadband internet plan. I had very little money with which to buy equipment – and broadband internet at home was an extravagance at the time – but I couldn’t be more excited! Only $70 a month for blistering 256 kbit/s DSL with Internode, using a PCI DSL modem with drivers that crashed the computer on a semi-regular basis .. but hey, at least it wasn’t dialup.

Fibre for the Few

Home fibre internet services have been available in certain parts of Australia since 2010, with progressively more areas coming online over the following years. Through a series of questionable government decisions, the Australian national wholesale broadband provider NBNCo expanded the network by using a mix of different technologies – mostly VDSL and HFC.

Compared to these access technologies, fibre is significantly more capable and more resilient. In some ways, it’s a situation of the “haves vs. have-nots” – with the haves getting faster and more reliable home internet connections.

In the late 2010s, NBNCo made it possible to pay for an upgrade to fibre. The quotes were astronomical (into the six figures in some cases), so not many people went through with the upgrade. Reports at the time suggested there had been hundreds of applications, though only tens of actual upgrades.

Waiting for the NBN

When the NBN rollout finally reached me in April of 2020, I was lucky enough to live in an area being activated with the second-best technology type: HFC. I was finally able to get myself a “real” broadband plan – 100 Mbit/s with Aussie Broadband! Not the 1 Gbit/s the government had promised many years earlier, but a significant improvement on the increasingly unreliable 10 Mbit/s DSL I had been stuck using:

I moved home in 2021, to an apartment with a VDSL service – once again limited to no more than 100 Mbit/s. NBNCo wanted just over $8000 for the upgrade to fibre. I genuinely thought about it for more than a few seconds, but ended up politely declining..

Finally on Fibre

In late 2024, NBNCo productised a process to upgrade apartment buildings using certain types of VDSL services to fibre. It was a silly amount of money – though not nearly as silly as the $8000 figure provided to me a few years prior. I talked myself into it in early 2025, and signed on the dotted line to get the process underway.

The whole thing took four months and far too many follow-up emails .. but I ended up with an ugly GPON fibre box on the wall of my apartment, and a much much faster connection speed than the previous VDSL service – 1 Gbit/s:

Shortly after I had fibre installed, NBNCo made good on their promise to release multi-gigabit services. All of a sudden, what I’d just upgraded to was not fast enough! 🤓

Fast forward to today, a lovely tech from NBNCo replaced my fibre box with a brand new, XGS-PON capable fibre box (though the service still uses the GPON standard at the moment) – and the speeds speak for themselves:

2 Gbit/s! Not quite the 10 Gbit/s dream that the new fibre box promises, but getting there. Still, a casual 8000 times faster than that first broadband connection I had all those years ago.

Terms

Just in case some of the acronyms don’t make sense –

  • DSL – Digital Subscriber Line. Used for running slower broadband internet services over phone lines, while permitting phone calls at the same time.
  • VDSL – Very-high-bit-rate Digital Subscriber Line. Still uses phone lines, but much faster than standard DSL. Can be just as unreliable too!
  • HFC – Hybrid Fibre Coaxial. Rather than phone lines, it uses the same cabling as cable TV to more reliably offer high speed broadband internet.
  • GPON – Gigabit Passive Optical Network. A standard for fibre to the home internet services; allows for up to 2.5 Gbit/s.
  • XGS-PON – 10 Gigabit Symmetrical Passive Optical Network. A newer standard that offers up to 10 Gbit/s symmetrical speeds over fibre.
Fibre Optics Header

Access your modem’s status page behind a UniFi USG router

With a full UniFi network setup (a UniFi USG router, switches, access points and so on), the UniFi router is separate from any modem needed to connect to the Internet. Your setup might look a little like this:

Because your computer isn’t directly connected to the modem, the modem is effectively “hidden” by the UniFi USG. You can still get online, but you can’t see your connection statistics and logs.

Here’s how to fix it:

Pre-requisites

First thing’s first, you need to know the IP address of your modem, and the network range for the UniFi network. The IP address of the modem must also be different to the UniFi network range. In my case, the modem IP address is 192.168.0.1 and the UniFi network range is 192.168.1.0/24.

So the instructions below will work, enter your modem IP address, the network mask in CIDR notation (without the /), enter an unused firewall rule index (the example is probably fine for a USG, but may not be for other Ubiquiti devices), and finally choose the port your modem is connected to.

Once complete, click Update:

Configuration

The remaining steps assume you have a UniFi Network Controller online somewhere, and in that controller you have Advanced Features turned on.

Log into the controller, navigate to the site where your UniFi USG is configured and go to Settings. At the bottom of the screen is the Device Authentication section – copy the SSH authentication details, then SSH into the IP address of the UniFi USG.

Enter the following commands, one line at a time:

configure
set interfaces pseudo-ethernet pREPLACEME4 link REPLACEME4
set interfaces pseudo-ethernet pREPLACEME4 address REPLACEME1/REPLACEME2
set interfaces pseudo-ethernet pREPLACEME4 description "Access to modem"
set service nat rule REPLACEME3 type masquerade
set service nat rule REPLACEME3 destination address REPLACEME0
set service nat rule REPLACEME3 outbound-interface pREPLACEME4
commit
save
exit

You should now be able to access your modem’s status page at http://REPLACEME0/.

Assuming that worked, you need to make the changes permanent with a configuration file for your UniFi Network Controller. Save the following into a text file called config.gateway.json:

{
    "interfaces": {
        "pseudo-ethernet": {
            "pREPLACEME4": {
                "address": ["REPLACEME1/REPLACEME2"],
                "description": "Access to modem",
                "link": ["REPLACEME4"]
            }
        }
    },
    "service": {
        "nat": {
            "rule": {
                "REPLACEME3": {
                    "destination": {
                        "address": ["REPLACEME0"]
                    },
                    "outbound-interface": ["pREPLACEME4"],
                    "type": "masquerade"
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

Upload this file into the UniFi Network Controller. The directory you need to upload to will depend on which site you’re configuring; the UI support article for this topic is quite detailed and I’d recommend reading it.

TL;DR: I uploaded mine to /unifi/data/sites/default/ – but read the support article for yourself; don’t assume this is the correct directory for your Network Controller!

Extra: NBN modems

For readers from Australia – there are a few things to know about the modems (or NCD / NTDs) supplied by NBNCo. Some you can access, some you can’t:

NBN Connection TypeAccess to modem?
FTTPn/a
HFCYes*
FTTCNo
FTTN/FTTBYes

The two other connection types (Fixed Wireless and Satellite) I have no idea about, so I haven’t included them in this table.

HFC

For HFC, the modem makes it difficult to access the connection statistics page. Thankfully, it’s fairly easy to get in – follow the instructions above (the modem IP is 192.168.0.1), then hard reset the modem by inserting a pin in the reset hole for around 10 seconds.

The reset is complete when the green lights go out and a blue light flashes a couple times – once you see that, release the pin and load http://192.168.0.1/main.html in a browser. Chances are very good you’ll need to refresh several times before the status page displays.

If the modem restarts for any reason (power outage, NBN outage etc), you’ll need to do another hard reset to get back in.

FTTN/FTTB

For these connection types, you supply your own modem – no special instructions required. :) Refer to your modem’s documentation to understand what the default IP address and access details are.

References

I found the following sites helpful in writing this post:

https://owennelson.co.uk/accessing-a-modem-through-a-ubiquiti-usg/
https://forums.whirlpool.net.au/archive/90ym1z23